Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Joseph Black shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Joseph Black offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Joseph Black at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Joseph Black? Wrong! If the Joseph Black is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Joseph Black then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Joseph Black? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Joseph Black and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Joseph Black wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Joseph Black then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Joseph Black site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Joseph Black, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Joseph Black, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
after Sir Henry Raeburn
Joseph Black (
April 16,1728 - December 6,
1799) was a
Scotland physicist and chemist, known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. He was a founder of thermochemistry who developed many pre-
thermodynamics concepts, such as heat capacity, and was the mentor for
James Watt. The
chemistry buildings at both the
University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after him.
Early years
Black was born in
Bordeaux, France, where his father, who was from
Belfast, Ireland, was engaged in the wine trade. His mother was from
Aberdeenshire,
Scotland, and her family was also in the wine business. Joseph had twelve brothers and sisters.Lenard, p. 129 He entered the University of Glasgow when he was eighteen years old, and four years later he went to
Edinburgh to further his medical studies.
Professional life
While at the University of Edinburgh, Black studied properties of carbon dioxide.See . One of his experiments involved placing a flame and mice into the carbon dioxide. Because both entities died, Black concluded that the air was not breathable. He named it 'fixed air' in 1754. In 1756 Black described how carbonates become more alkaline when they lose carbon dioxide, whereas the taking-up of carbon dioxide reconverts them. He was the first person to isolate carbon dioxide in a perfectly pure state. This was an important step in the history of chemistry as it helped people to realize that air was not an element, but rather was composed of many different things. Black's work also aided in discrediting the belief in a fiery principle called phlogiston.
In about 1750, Joseph Black developed the
analytical balance based on a light-weight beam balanced on a wedge-shaped fulcrum. Each arm carried a pan on which the sample or standard weights was placed. It far exceeded the accuracy of any other balance of the time and became an important scientific instrument in most chemistry laboratories.See .
In 1757, he was appointed
Regius Professor of Medicine and Therapeutics, Glasgow at the University of Glasgow.
In 1761, he discovered that when
ice melts it absorbs heat without changing
temperature. From this he concluded that the heat must have combined with the ice particles and become latent heat. This discovery was perhaps his most important, and the one on which his scientific fame chiefly rests. He also showed that different substances have different specific heats.
Personal life
Black was a friend of
James Watt, who first began his studies on steam power at Glasgow University in 1761. Black also was a member of the Poker Club and associated with
David Hume, Adam Smith, and the literati of the
Scottish Enlightenment. Black never married. He died in Edinburgh at the age of 71, and is buried there in
Greyfriars Kirkyard.
References
Further reading
- Lenard, Philipp (1950). Great Men of Science. Translated from the second German edition, London: G. Bell and Sons, ISBN 0-8369-1614-X, pp. 126 ff.
- Ramsay, William (1905). The Gases of the Atmosphere, London: Macmillan.
External links
- Black's experiments on Alkaline Substances
- Joseph Black – Biography
- Joseph Black – Britannica, 1911
after Sir
Henry RaeburnJoseph Black (
April 16,1728 - December 6,1799) was a Scotland physicist and
chemist, known for his discoveries of latent heat,
specific heat, and
carbon dioxide. He was a founder of thermochemistry who developed many pre-thermodynamics concepts, such as
heat capacity, and was the mentor for
James Watt. The chemistry buildings at both the
University of Edinburgh and the
University of Glasgow are named after him.
Early years
Black was born in Bordeaux, France, where his father, who was from Belfast, Ireland, was engaged in the wine trade. His mother was from
Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and her family was also in the wine business. Joseph had twelve brothers and sisters.Lenard, p. 129 He entered the
University of Glasgow when he was eighteen years old, and four years later he went to Edinburgh to further his medical studies.
Professional life
While at the University of Edinburgh, Black studied properties of
carbon dioxide.See . One of his experiments involved placing a flame and mice into the carbon dioxide. Because both entities died, Black concluded that the air was not breathable. He named it 'fixed air' in 1754. In 1756 Black described how carbonates become more alkaline when they lose carbon dioxide, whereas the taking-up of carbon dioxide reconverts them. He was the first person to isolate carbon dioxide in a perfectly pure state. This was an important step in the history of chemistry as it helped people to realize that air was not an element, but rather was composed of many different things. Black's work also aided in discrediting the belief in a fiery principle called
phlogiston.
In about 1750, Joseph Black developed the
analytical balance based on a light-weight beam balanced on a wedge-shaped
fulcrum. Each arm carried a pan on which the sample or standard weights was placed. It far exceeded the accuracy of any other balance of the time and became an important scientific instrument in most chemistry laboratories.See .
In 1757, he was appointed
Regius Professor of Medicine and Therapeutics, Glasgow at the University of Glasgow.
In 1761, he discovered that when
ice melts it absorbs heat without changing temperature. From this he concluded that the heat must have combined with the ice particles and become latent heat. This discovery was perhaps his most important, and the one on which his scientific fame chiefly rests. He also showed that different substances have different specific heats.
Personal life
Black was a friend of James Watt, who first began his studies on steam power at Glasgow University in 1761. Black also was a member of
the Poker Club and associated with David Hume, Adam Smith, and the literati of the
Scottish Enlightenment. Black never married. He died in Edinburgh at the age of 71, and is buried there in
Greyfriars Kirkyard.
References
Further reading
- Lenard, Philipp (1950). Great Men of Science. Translated from the second German edition, London: G. Bell and Sons, ISBN 0-8369-1614-X, pp. 126 ff.
- Ramsay, William (1905). The Gases of the Atmosphere, London: Macmillan.
External links
- Black's experiments on Alkaline Substances
- Joseph Black – Biography
- Joseph Black – Britannica, 1911
Joseph Black
Joseph Black. 1728 - 1799. Noted for his fundamental work on latent and specific heats and for his discovery of carbon dioxide. 1999 marks the 200th anniversary of the death of ...
Joseph Black - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Joseph Black (April 16, 1728 – December 6, 1799 [1]) was a Scottish physicist and chemist, known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide.
Black, Joseph, 1728-1799, chemist
Joseph Black, chemist, was born in 1728, at Bordeaux, where his father, John Black, carried on the business of a wine-merchant. John Black was a native of Belfast, but of Scottish ...
Scotland: Famous People
Joseph Black (1728 - 1799) Chemist. Professor of Anatomy and Chemistry in Glasgow University (1756) and then Professor of Medicine and Chemistry in Edinburgh (1766).
Joseph Black
Joseph Black 1728 - 1799 "I was born at Bordeaux April 16th, 1728. My father was a merchant settled there, but born in Ireland and the son of a citizen of Belfast of Scottish ...
NAHSTE: Papers of Joseph Black
Joseph Black (1728-1799) is credited with several major contributions to Chemical Science. He discovered that 'fixed air', or carbon dioxide as we now know it, is a ...
University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of Joseph Black
Summary. Joseph Black Chemist and Physician Born 16 April 1728, Bordeaux, France. Died 6 December 1799. University Link: Alumnus, Clerk of Senate, Lecturer, Professor
Joseph Black Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland
Joseph Black Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide. ... The University of Edinburgh, Where Joseph Black Undertook Part of His Studies
Joseph Black ( 1728 - 1799 )
Joseph Black (1728 - 1799) "Fixed air" or carbon dioxide was discovered by Flemish physician and chemist K.J.B. von Helmont (1599-1644), the first scientist to distinguish ...
Glasgow Guide: Glasgow Info: Famous Glaswegians: Joseph Black
Glasgow Guide: the tourist information guide to the city of Glasgow in Scotland includes information for tourists on hotels, shops, pubs, clubs, photographs, visitor attractions ...
